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In: Indium is a soft, malleable and ductile metal which is generally unaffected by air or water but is soluble in acids.
In Circuit Meter: A meter permanently installed in a circuit; used to monitor circuit operation.
In Phase: Two periodic waves reaching peaks and going through zero at the same instant are said to be "in phase."
in: An abbreviation of inches, a secondary unit in the British system of units, now replaced by the SI system and the metre.
In₂O₃: Chemical formula for Indium III Oxide.
In₂S₃: Chemical formula for Indium III Sulphide.
In₂Se₃: Chemical formula for Indium III Selenide.
In₂Te₃: Chemical formula for Indium III Telluride.
Inactive Length: The central portion of a leaf spring that is prevented from flexing by the U-plate.
InAs: Chemical formula for Indium Arsenide.
InBr: Chemical formula for Indium I Bromide.
InBr₃: Chemical formula for Indium III Bromide.
Incandescence: The emission of light due to heat.
Incentre: The incentre of a triangle is the center of its inscribed circle.
Inches: A secondary unit in the British system of units, now replaced by the SI system and the metre.
Incident Wave: The wave that strikes the surface of a medium.
Incircle: The circle inscribed in a given figure.
InCl₃: Chemical formula for Indium III Chloride.
Inclinometer: A gravity device that measures angular position in degrees.
Included Angle: The angle made by two sides of a polygon.
Included Side: The side between two angles in a polygon.
Inclusion: Foreign particle present as an undesirable impurity in a material.
Inclusive Or: One or the other, or both.
Incomplete Combustion: A combustion reaction or process that does not convert all of the fuel′s carbon and hydrogen into carbon dioxide and water, respectively.
Incomplete Octet: An atom with less than eight electrons in its valence shell.
Inconel: A nickel based alloy with good corrosion resistance.
Inconsistent Linear System: A system of linear equations is inconsistent if it has no solutions.
Indefinitely: An unspecified amount, having no exact limits.
Independent Chuck: A chuck in which each jaw may be moved independently of the others.
Independent Events: Two events A and B are independent if the probability that they happen at the same time is the product of the probabilities that each occurs individually.
Independent Suspension: A suspension system that allows each wheel on a vehicle to move up and down independently of the other wheels.
Independent Variable: One that is associated with the inputs to a function.
Index Matching Gel: Material whose index of refraction is almost equal to that of the fibre core and is used to minimize Fresnel reflections.
Index of Refraction: This is the ratio of the velocity of light in free space to that in the material.
Index Register: A microprocessor register that holds part of or all the effective address used by an instruction.
Indicated Horsepower: The horsepower developed in the engine cylinder, as calculated from an indicator diagram.
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure: During the cycle of an engine useful work is only done on the power stroke.
Indicator: A substance that undergoes a sharp, easily observable change when conditions in its solutions change.
Indicator Diagram: A plot of pressure vs. volume.
Indifferent Electrolyte: Another name for Supporting Electrolyte.
Indirect Titration: Determining the concentration of an analyte by reacting it with a known number of moles of excess reagent.
Indium: A soft, malleable and ductile metal which is generally unaffected by air or water but is soluble in acids.
Indium Antimonide: InSb
A narrow gap semiconductor material from the III-V group used in infrared detectors, including thermal imaging cameras, FLIR systems, infrared homing missile guidance systems, and in infrared astronomy.
Indium Arsenide: InAs
A semiconductor material that has the appearance of grey cubic crystals and is used for construction of infrared detectors.
Indium Gallium Aluminium Nitride: InGaAlN
Semiconductor that is the base for blue LEDs.
Indium Gallium Arsenide: InGaAs
Semiconductor used in high-power and high-frequency electronics because of its superior electron velocity with respect to the more common semiconductors silicon and gallium arsenide.
Indium Gallium Nitride: Semiconductor material made from a mix of Gallium Nitride and Indium Nitride.
Indium Gallium Phosphide: InGaP
Semiconductor composed of indium, gallium and phosphorus used in high-power and high-frequency electronics.
Indium I Bromide: InBr
A red crystalline compound made from heating the Indium metal with InBr₃.
Indium III Bromide: InBr₃
Hygroscopic yellow-white monoclinic crystals.
Indium III Chloride: InCl₃
Colourless salt finds some use in organic synthesis as a Lewis acid and is also the most available soluble derivative of indium.
Indium III Fluoride: InF₃
Used in the synthesis on non-oxide glasses.
Indium III Oxide: In₂O₃
Used as an n-type semiconductor and as a resistive element in integrated circuits.
Indium III Selenide: In₂Se₃
Potential for use in photovoltaic devices and it has been the subject of extensive research.
Indium III Sulphate: In₂(SO₄)₃
White-grey odourless powder, hygroscopic.
Indium III Sulphide: In₂S₃
The first indium compound ever described.
Indium III Telluride: In₂Te₃
Forms blue cubic crystals.
Indium Monoarsenide: Alternative name for Indium Arsenide.
Indium Nitride: InN
Small bandgap semiconductor material which has potential application in solar cells and high speed electronics.
Indium Phosphide: InP
A binary semiconductor used in high-power and high-frequency electronics.
Indium Sesquiselenide: Alternative name for Indium III Selenide.
Indium Tin Oxide: ITO
Main feature is the combination of electrical conductivity and optical transparency.
Induced Channel MOSFET: A MOSFET in which there is no actual channel between the source and the drain.
Induced Charge: An electrostatic charge produced on an object by the electric field that surrounds a nearby object.
Induced Current: Current that flows as a result of an Induced EMF.
Induced Electromotive Force: Voltage induced in a conductor in a varying magnetic field.
Induced EMF: Abbreviation of Induced Electromotive Force, a voltage induced in a conductor in a varying magnetic field.
Inductance: The property of an electric circuit to store magnetic energy when carrying a current.
Inductance Bridge: An AC bridge circuit used to measure an unknown value of inductance.
Induction: The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.
Induction Brazing: Bonding is produced by the heat obtained from the resistance of the work to the flow of induced electric current and by using a nonferrous filler metal.
Induction Field: The electromagnetic field that is produced about an antenna when current and voltage are present on the same antenna.
Induction Hardening: Quench hardening in which the heat is generated by electrical induction.
Induction Heating: Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to varying magnetic field surrounding a coil carrying alternating current.
Induction Losses: The losses that occur when the electromagnetic field around a conductor cuts through nearby metallic objects and induces a current into that object.
Induction Motor: The rotor is energized by transformer action from the stator.
Inductive Coupling: Coupling of two coils by means of magnetic lines of force.
Inductive Effect: An inductive effect is the polarization of a chemical bond caused by the polarization of an adjacent bond.
Inductive Load: Load whose voltage and current are out-of-phase.
Inductive Reactance: The opposition to the flow of an alternating current caused by the inductance of a circuit, expressed in ohms.
Inductively Coupled Discharge: A plasma created by applying an oscillating, radiofrequency potential to an inductive coil.
Inductor: A magnetic device that stores energy in a magnetic field produced by flowing current.
Inelastic: A collision or interaction in which kinetic energy is not conserved.
Inequality: A relationship between two expressions that are not equal.
Inert Electrolyte: Another name for Supporting Electrolyte.
Inert Gas: A gas which does not normally combine chemically with other elements.
Inert Pair: Valence electrons in an s orbital penetrate to the nucleus better than electrons in p orbitals, and as a result they′re more tightly bound to the nucleus and less able to participate in bond formation.
Inertance: Inertance is the ratio of an acceleration-like quantity to a force-like quantity when the arguments of the real (or imaginary) parts of quantities increase linearly with time.
Inertia: An object's resistance to a change in its velocity.
Inertia Fuel Shutoff: A switch that shuts off the fuel delivery system when activated by predetermined acceleration.
Inertial Confinement: Methods of producing nuclear fusion by compressing a pellet of fuel using a laser, particle beam, or other external driver.
Inertial Force: A fictitious force that arises in accelerating (noninertial) reference systems.
Inertial Mass: An object′s resistance to a change in its velocity.
Inertial Reference System: Any reference system in which the law of inertia (Newton's first law of motion) is valid.
Inferior Mirage: Mirage in which the inverted image is below the normal one.
Inferior Vena Cava: A blood vessel carrying blood to the heart.
Infinite: Becoming large beyond bound.
Infinite Impulse Response Filter: A commonly used type of digital filter. This recursive structure accepts as inputs digitized samples of the audio signal, and then each output point is computed on the basis of a weighted sum of past output (feedback) terms, as well as past input values.
Infinitesimal: A variable that approaches zero as a limit.
Infinity: A reference to a quantity larger than any specific integer.
Inflammable Air: An old name for Hydrogen.
Inflection: A point of inflection of a plane curve is a point where the curve has a stationary tangent, at which the tangent is changing from rotating in one direction to rotating in the oppostie direction.
Influent: The fluid entering a component.
Information Filtering: System sorts through large volumes of dynamically generated information to present to the user those nuggets of information which are likely to satisfy his or her immediate needs.
Infra-Red Radiation: The region of the electromagnetic spectrum adjacent to that of visible light
Infrared Reflow: Technique in which long wavelength light serves as the heat source to reflow solder and form solder joints.
Infrared Sensor: A device that can detect electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths that are greater than the visible radiation.
Infra-Red Spectroscopy: A technique for determining the structure of molecules by observing how infrared radiation is absorbed by a sample.
Infrasound: Acoustic waves below 20Hz are normally inaudible.
InGaAlN: Chemical formula for Indium Gallium Aluminium Nitride.
InGaAs: Chemical formula for Indium Gallium Arsenide.
InGaP: Chemical formula for Indium Gallium Phosphide.
Ingot: A steel casting that is cast into a mould which when solidified will be rolled in a blooming mill to plates and slabs for sheets.
Inhale: To take into the lungs by breathing.
Inherently Low Emission Vehicle: Any vehicle that is certified to meet transitional low-emission vehicle standards established by the California Air Resources Board and does not emit any evaporative emissions.
Inherited Error: The error in initial values used in a computation; especially the error introduced from the previous steps in a step-by-step integration.
inHg: Abbreviation for inches of mercury, the old imperial measure of pressure when measured using a mercury barometer.
Inhibitor: An additive used to retard undesirable chemical action in a product.
Initial Side: The side that the measurement of an angle starts from.
Initial Time-Delay Gap: The time gap between the arrival of the direct sound and the first sound reflected form the surfaces of the room.
Initiator: A compound required to start a chain reaction.
Initiator: A line-segment or figure that begins as the beginning geometric shape for a fractal.
Injection Moulding: A manufacturing process in which molten plastic is injected at high pressure into a mould.
Injector: A feedwater pump without moving parts that uses steam pressure and the Bernoulli effect to force feedwater into the boiler, even against its pressure.
Inlet and Exhaust Ports: The inlet or exhaust ports allow air to flow into or out of the cylinder head. Run from the manifold face to the valves.
Inlet Cam: The cam that controls the operation of the air inlet valve in a four-stroke engine.
Inlet Manifold: The main pipe that lies alongside the cylinder heads and from which branch pipes take the air charge to the separate cylinders.
In-Line Filter: A filter assembly in which the inlet, outlet and filter element axes are in a straight line and fitted in the supply or return pipe.
InN: Chemical formula for Indium Nitride.
Inner Dead Centre: Also known as top dead centre.
Inner Diameter: Dimension that defines the inside diameter of a cavity or hole.
Inner Ear: The inner ear is a labyrinth of twisting fluid-filled passages associated with hearing and balance.
Inner Product: The inner or dot product of two vectors is obtained by adding the products of the respective components of the vectors.
Inorganic Material: Substances not derived from living things.
InP: Chemical formula for Indium Phosphide.
Input: The number or value that is entered, for example, into a function machine.
Input-Output: The reception and transmission of information between control devices using discrete connection points.
InSb: Chemical formula for Indium Antimonide.
Inscribed Angle: The angle formed by two chords of a curve that meet at the same point on the curve.
Insertion Loss: This may be applied to a silencer or other sound-reducing element, in a specified frequency band, the decrease in sound power level, measured at the location of the receiver, when a sound insulator or a sound attenuator is inserted in the transmission path between the source and the receiver.
Inside Caliper: An instrument used to measure the inside dimension of an object.
Insoluble: Refers to a substance that does not dissolve in a solvent to any significant degree.
Instant Glue: More formally known as Cyanoacrylate.
Instantaneous Amplitude: The amplitude at any given point along a wave at a specific instant in time.
Instantaneous Speed: The limiting value of the average speed as the time interval becomes infinitesimally small.
Instantaneous Value: The magnitude at any particular instant when a value is continually varying with respect to time.
Institution of Electrical Engineers: The IEE is an innovative international organisation for electronics, electrical, manufacturing and IT professionals, with specifically tailored products, services and qualifications to meet the needs of today′s technology industry.
Institutions: Lists all Institutions topics in the Encyclopaedia
Institutions Weblinks: Lists all Institutions Weblinks in the Encyclopaedia
Instruction: A binary code number that directs the control unit of a computer to perform a certain operation.
Instruction Set: The collection of the instruction codes recognized by the control unit of a computer.
Instrument Platform: Any support structure or vehicle that contains instruments used to make quantitative observations and measurements.
Instrumentation: Lists all Instrumentation topics in the Encyclopaedia
Instrumentation Books: Lists all Instrumentation Books in the Encyclopaedia
Instrumentation Weblinks: Lists all Instrumentation Weblinks in the Encyclopaedia
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor: A three-terminal power semiconductor device, noted for high efficiency and fast switching.
Insulation: A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.
Insulation Resistance: The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.
Insulator: A material that does not allow the passage of electric charge or is a poor conductor of thermal energy.
Integer: A whole number.
Integral Enthalpy of Solution: The heat absorbed or released when a solute is dissolved in a definite amount of solvent.
Integrated Circuit: First proposed by G. W. A. Dunner in 1952.
Integrated Services Digital Network: Commonly known as ISDN, an early high speed internet connection system mainly aimed at business
Integrating ADC: An ADC whose output code represents the average value of the input voltage over a given time interval.
Integration: The inverse of differentiation. Mathematical process used in calculus.
Intelligent Transportation System: An advanced technology approach to traffic management.
Intensity of Magnetism: This is the magnetic moment per unit volume of a magnet.
Intensity Stereo: A method of exploiting stereo irrelevance or redundancy in stereophonic audio programmes.
Intensive Properties: Properties which are independent of the amount of the substance.
Interaction Energy: The total energy that is caused by an interaction between the objects being considered.
Interaction Space: The region in an electron tube where the electrons interact with an alternating electromagnetic field.
Interaural Cross-Correlation Coefficient: The measure of the difference in the sounds arriving at the two ears of a listener.
Interaural Fluctuation Strength: Phase differences between ears lead to an inferred source location. If this location changes as a function of time this may be inferred as a signal instability.
Interaural Level Difference: In binaural hearing the interaural level difference has an impact on lateralization throughout the frequency spectrum.
Interaural Phase Difference: Coincident with the interaural time delay, varies systematically with source azimuth and wavelength due to distance from source and refraction around the head.
Interaural Time Difference: This is the difference in arrival time of an acoustic signal at each ear.
Intercept: The point where two lines drawn on a graph cross each other.
Interconnects: Connections between components.
Intercooler: A device which cools a gas between the compressive steps of a multiple stage compressor.
Interdiffusion: Diffusion of atoms of one metal into another metal.
Interelectrode Capacitance: The capacitance between the electrodes of an electron tube.
Interface: A boundary across which two systems communicate.
Interfacial Tension: The energy per unit area present at the boundary of two immiscible liquids.
Interference: The combining of two or more signals results in an interaction called interference.
Interference Filter: A filter which controls the spectral composition of transmitted energy by interference.
Interglacials: The warm periods between ice age glaciations.
Intergranular Fracture: Fracture of polycrystalline materials by crack propagation along grain boundaries.
Interior of a Circle: The set of points whose distance from the center of the circle is less than that of the radius.
Interleaving: The placing of a sheet of paper between two adjacent layers of metal to facilitate handling and shearing of rectangular sheets, or to prevent sticking or scratching.
Intermediate Fluid: A liquid or gas used to transfer heat between two heat exchangers.
Intermediate Solid Solution: A solid solution or phase having a composition range that does not extend to either of the pure components of the system.
Intermediate Species: Species formed in a reaction consisting of more than one step.
Intermetallic: A compound of two metals that has a distinct chemical formula. The bonds in intermetallic compounds are often partly ionic.
Intermittent Duty: A system that is not required to operate continuously.
Intermittent Wind Tunnel: A wind tunnel in which energy is stored, usually as compressed air, and then released suddenly to force a large quantity of air through.
Intermolecular Forces: Forces between molecules.
Internal Combustion Engine: Any engine, either reciprocating or rotary, in which the fuel is consumed in the interior of the engine rather than outside of the engine.
Internal Energy: A property of a system that can be changed by a flow of work, heat or both.
Internal Force: Forces which hold an object together when external forces or other loads are applied.
Internal Thread: A screw thread which is formed in a hole, such as the thread in a nut.
International Date Line: The line on the Earth, generally located at 180° longitude, that separates two consecutive calendar days.
International Organization for Standardization: An international body that produces world wide industrial standards.
International Phonetic Alphabet: A system of words identifying the letters of the alphabet and numbers. The system was reached through international agreement, and uses words chosen for their ease of pronunciation by people of all language backgrounds.
International System of Units: The international system of units is based on the seven basic units: Mass, Length, Time, Electric current, Temperature, Amount of substance and Luminous intensity.
Internet: A vast worldwide network of computers accessible to anyone.
Internet Protocol: A protocol which computers use to communicate with and over the internet.
Internet Protocol Address: A unique number assigned to any computer connected to the internet.
Internet Service Provider: A company which provides a connection to the internet, or internet services.
Interpoles: Small auxiliary poles, placed between main field poles, whose magnetic field opposes the armature field and cancels armature reaction.
Interrupted Quenching: Quenching in which the metal object being quenched is removed from the quenching medium while the object is at a temperature substantially higher than that of the quenching medium.
Interrupts: An efficient method to quickly request a computer′s attention to a particular external event.
Intersecting Planes: Planes that share a line.
Intersection Law: States that if one input to an AND gate is already TRUE, then the output will depend upon the state of the other inputs only.
Intersection of Sets: The intersection of two or more sets is the set of elements that all the sets have in common.
Interstitial Site: Octahedral and tetrahedral open spaces within a close-packed arrangement of atoms or ions in which a cation can fit.
Interstitial Solid Solution: A solid solution wherein relatively small solute atoms occupy interstitial positions between the solvent or host atoms.
Interstitial Void: An opening in a rock or soil that is not occupied by solid matter.
Intramolecular Forces: Forces within molecules. Forces caused by the attraction and repulsion of charged particles.
Intranet: An Internal network of an organization that uses Internet protocols.
Intrinsic Carrier Density: The density of electrons and holes in an intrinsic semiconductor.
Intrinsic Semiconductor: A semiconductor free of defects or impurities.
Intumescent: A substance which swells as a result of heat exposure, thus increasing in volume, and decreasing in density.
Intumescent Mat: Ceramic fibre mat which irreversibly expands after exposed to high temperature.
Invar: An alloy of iron and nickel.
Invariant Point: A point on a binary phase diagram at which three phases are in equilibrium.
Inventor: A person who thinks up new ideas or processes.
Inverse of a Matrix: The matrix B is an inverse for the matrix A if AB = BA = I.
Inverse Proportionality: A relationship in which a quantity is related to the reciprocal of a second quantity.
Inverse Square: A relationship in which a quantity is related to the reciprocal of the square of a second quantity.
Inversely: Inverted or reversed in position or relationship.
Inversion: Referring to something being upside down.
Invert: To change a physical or logical state to its opposite state.
Inverter: A circuit in both analogue and digital systems that provides an output that is inverse to the input. Also a circuit that converts DC to AC.
Invertible: A function, f(x), is invertible if there is a function, g(x), which is its inverse.
Invertible Matrix: A matrix is invertible if it has an inverse.
Investment Casting: Also known as lost wax and precision casting, it is based on the use of a mould that is only used once.

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