Materials Topics
- Ablating Material
- A material designed to provide thermal protection to a body in a fluid stream through loss of mass.
- Absolute Powder Density
- The mass of powder per unit of absolute volume.
- Absolute Powder Volume
- The volume of the solid matter after exclusion of all the spaces ie pores and voids.
- Absorbent Material
- A material which absorbs energy from an incident sound wave.
- Acacia
- A durable wood used for palings and posts.
- Acoustic Material
- Any material considered in terms of its acoustical properties.
- Adhesive Failure
- A rupture of adhesive bond that appears to be a separation at the adhesive-adherend interface.
- Aero Metal
- A metal used in casting made from aluminium, zinc and copper.
- Aeroelasticity
- Any phenomenon which includes the mutual interaction between aerodynamic loads and structural deformation.
- Alder
- This wood is very durable in water and not so durable in dry conditions. Historically it was used a lot in pumps, piles and sluices.
- Alnico Magnet
- A magnet using aluminum, nickel, and cobalt in its construction.
- American Society For Testing Material
- An open forum for the development of high-quality, market relevant international standards used around the globe.
- Anaerobic Adhesive
- An adhesive which hardens in the absence of air, such adhesives are often used as a thread locking medium.
- Anelasticity
- The property of a solid in which deformation depends on the time rate of change of stress as well as on the stress itself.
- Antiferromagnetism
- A phenomenon observed in some materials in which complete magnetic moment cancellation occurs as a result of antiparallel coupling of adjacent atoms or ions.
- Apparent Particle Density
- The mass of a particle divided by its apparent particle volume.
- Apparent Particle Volume
- The total volume of the particle, excluding open pores, but including closed pores.
- Apparent Powder Density
- The mass of a powder divided by its apparent volume.
- Apparent Powder Volume
- The total volume of solid matter, open pores and closed pores and interstices.
- Ash
- A very tough and elastic timber used for oars, blocks and pulleys, spokes of wheels and milk-pails.
- Ausforming
- Hot deformation of metastable austenite within controlled ranges of temperature and time that avoids formation of non-martensitic transformation products.
- Austempering
- Quenching a ferrous alloy from a temperature above the transformation range.
- Austenite
- Face-centered cubic iron; also iron and steel alloys that have the FCC crystal structure.
- Austenitic Stainless Steel
- The common stainless steel, where the primary microstructure is austenite and the composition primarily iron but also includes both chromium and nickel.
- Austenizing
- Forming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy above its upper critical temperature to within the austenite phase region from the phase diagram.
- Autoclave
- An airtight vessel constructed of thick-walled steel alloy for carrying out chemical reactions under pressure and high temperatures.
- Autoclave Moulding
- A moulding technique in which an entire assembly is placed into an autoclave at 50 to 100 psi, in order to consolidate layers of the part by removing entrapped air and volatiles.
- Bag Moulding
- A technique in which the composite material is placed in a rigid mould and covered with a flexible bag, with pressure applied by vacuum, autoclave, press, or by inflating the bag.
- Balsa Wood
- The wood from Ochroma Lagopus.
- Beech
- A very hard wood almost unaffected when exposed to water. Therefore, it is used for keels of ships and flood gates. On account of its hardness it was used for wheels and railway sleepers.
- Bias Fabric
- A fabric in which warp and fill fibres are at an angle to the length.
- Bidirectional Laminate
- A reinforced plastic laminate in which the fibres are oriented in more than one direction in the plane of the laminate.
- Birch
- Strong flexible wood that has many uses. Amongst the uses are furniture making, building as well as being used for agricultural implements in the past.
- Black Oxide
- Black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions.
- Blue Brittleness
- Brittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to some temperature within the range of 150 to 350°C.
- Box-Wood
- Very compact hard wood suitable for machining small parts from.
- Bulk Powder Density
- The mass of a powder divided by its apparent volume.
- Carbon Fibre
- Material that has small fibres of carbon added for strength.
- Cast Alloys
- Alloys cast from the molten state.
- Caul Sheet
- Plate or sheet the same size and shape used in contact with a composite layup to transmit normal pressure and temperature during cure.
- Cedar
- A durable wood used in ancient buildings. Easy to work and strongly scented.
- Ceramic Matrix Composite
- A composite that uses a ceramic as the matrix phase.
- Chestnut
- Very durable and much like oak. Comparitavely easy to work and does not shrink much when drying.
- CMC
- Abbreviation of Ceramic Matrix Composite.
- Co-Cured
- Cured and simultaneously bonded to another prepared surface.
- Coefficient of Elasticity
- An alternate term for modulus of elasticity or Young′s Modulus.
- Cold Rolled Steel
- Steel that has been rolled to accurate size and smooth finish when made. In contrast, hot-rolled steel may have a rough, pitted surface and slag inclusion.
- Composite
- A material brought about by combining materials differing in composition or form on a macroscale for the purpose of obtaining specific characteristics and properties.
- Compression Moulding
- Moulding technique using heat and pressure.
- Contact Moulding
- A technique in which reinforcement and resin are placed in a mould, with cure taking place at room temperature with a catalyst/promoter system, or in a heated oven.
- Continuous Filament
- An individual, small-diameter reinforcement that is flexible and indefinite in length.
- Continuous Filament Yarn
- Yarn that is formed by twisting two or more continuous filaments into a single continuous strand.
- Cure Temperatur
- The temperature at which a material attains final cure.
- Curing Agent
- A catalytic or reactive agent that brings about polymerization when it is added to a resin.
- Cyaniding
- Casehardening method that introduces carbon and nitrogen to the workpiece simultaneously.
- Delamination
- Occurs when a composite material formed from a number of layers is stressed, thermally or otherwise, such that the layers begin to separate.
- Denier
- A unit used in measuring the thickness (fineness) of yarn. It is the mass in grams of 9000m of yarn.
- Ebony
- A very dark, hard and smooth wood used for ornamental work.
- Effective Particle Density
- The mass of a particle divided by its volume including open pores and closed pores.
- Elasticity
- A material is elastic if it returns to it's original shape after being deformed.
- Elm
- A hard, durable and coarse grained wood. Used for ship building.
- Engine Oil
- Liquid that reduces friction or wear, or both, between the moving parts within an engine; removes heat, particularly from the underside of pistons; and serves as a combustion gas sealant for the piston rings.
- Envelope Volume
- The external volume of a particle, powder, or monolith such as would be obtained by tightly shrinking a film to contain it.
- Equiaxed
- Powder or grain shapes with approximately equal dimensions.
- Ferroelectricity
- Spontaneous alignment of electric dipoles within a material under the influence of an electric field, resulting in a hysteresis loop when the direction of electric field is switched.
- Ferromagnetic Material
- A highly magnetic material, such as iron, cobalt, nickel, or their alloys.
- Fibre Reinforcement
- A fibrous material used to reinforce a material.
- Fir
- A light coloured and soft wood. Needs to be dried very well before use.
- Geometric Volume
- The volumes of a material calculated from measurements of its physical dimensions.
- Guiner-Preston Zone
- A small precipitation domain in a supersaturated metallic solid solution.
- Hand Layup
- A fabrication method in which reinforcement layers, preimpregnated or coated afterwards, are placed in a mould by hand.
- Hardener
- A substance used to promote or control curing action by taking part in it; as opposed to catalyst.
- Heartwood
- The fully developed wood which surrounds the pith.
- High Carbon Steel
- Steel with a carbon content greater than 0.85%.
- High Speed Steel
- About 6 times harder than carbon steel and used extensively for machine tools.
- Hot Crack
- A crack that forms due to internal stresses developed from shrinkage during solidification of a metal casting.
- Hot Rolled Steel
- Steel which is rolled to finished size while hot.
- Hybrid Composite
- A composite with two or more reinforcing fibres.
- Inorganic Material
- Substances not derived from living things.
- Intergranular Fracture
- Fracture of polycrystalline materials by crack propagation along grain boundaries.
- Interstitial Void
- An opening in a rock or soil that is not occupied by solid matter.
- Killed Steel
- Steel treated with a strong deoxidizing agent.
- Laminate Ply
- One layer of a laminated product.
- Lance-Wood
- An elastic wood suitable where some degree of bending is required.
- Larch
- An extremely durable wood used for rough work. It warps a lot when dried, but can be polished to a fine finish when dry.
- Lay
- Direction of the predominant surface pattern, which is determined by the production method.
- Layup
- The placement of layers of reinforcement in a mould.
- Liquid Crystal Polymer
- A type of thermoplastic, melt processible, with high orientation in moulding, improved tensile strength, and high-temperature capability.
- Macropore
- A pore of diameter greater than about 50 nm.
- Mahogany
- A very hard wood that is very durable and can be polished to a fine finish with a rich colour.
- Maraging Steel
- Steels which are known for possessing superior strength and toughness without losing malleability, although they cannot hold a good cutting edge.
- Martempering
- Quenching an austenitized ferrous alloy in a medium at a temperature in the upper part of the martensite range.
- Martensite
- Martensite is a microconstituent or structure in quenched steel characterized by an acicular or needle-lie pattern on the surface of polish.
- Material Safety Data Sheet
- Safety information sheet for a particular substance that lists physical properties, hazards, cleanup and disposal procedures, fire and explosion data, and protective equipment required.
- Materials Books
- Lists all Materials Books in the Encyclopaedia
- Materials Calculations
- Lists all Materials Calculations in the Encyclopaedia
- Materials Conversions
- Lists all Materials Conversions in the Encyclopaedia
- Materials Weblinks
- Lists all Materials Weblinks in the Encyclopaedia
- Mesopore
- A pore of diameter from about 2 nm to 50 nm.
- Metal Matrix Composite
- A composite that uses a metal as the matrix phase.
- Micropore
- A pore of diameter less than about 2 nm.
- Microvoid Coalescence
- Occurs due to the nucleation of microvoids, followed by their growth and eventual coalescence.
- Mild Steel
- A term used for low-carbon machine steel.
- MMC
- Abbreviation of Metal Matrix Composite.
- Modulus of Elasticity
- The modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain diagram in the linear region.
- Modulus of Elasticity in Shear
- Another name for Shear Modulus.
- Moulding
- The process of manufacturing by shaping pliable raw material using a rigid frame or model called a pattern.
- Nimonic
- An alloy consisting of roughly 80% nickel and 20% chromium with additives such as titanium and aluminium.
- Nimonic 75
- A Nickel-Chromium alloy with good corrosion and heat resistance. Often used for aircraft fasteners.
- Nimonic 90
- An alloy consisting of roughly 80% nickel and 20% chromium with additives such as titanium and aluminium. The main use is in gas turbine blades. Nimonic is a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation and is a family of metals.
- Nylon
- A synthetic polymer used in the manufacture of fibres.
- Oak
- The strongest and most durable wood that lasts for long periods in either wet or dry conditions.
- Outgassing
- Gaseous emission or de-aeration of a material.
- Paramagnetic Material
- A material having a permeability slightly greater than 1.
- Pine
- Easily worked and used where moderate strength and durability are required. Turpentine is obtained from the pine.
- Plane Wood
- A North American wood that resembles beech, durable in water but not in air.
- Plastic
- A solid material in the primary ingredient of which is an organic polymer of high molecular weight.
- Plasticine
- Modelling Clay.
- Plating
- Forming an adherent layer of metal on an object; often used as a shop term for electroplating.
- Plywood
- Thin sheets of wood glued together with the grains running in different directions to improve the strength of the resultant board.
- PMC
- Abbreviation of Polymer Matrix Composite.
- Polymer Matrix Composite
- A composite that uses a polymer as the matrix phase.
- Poplar
- A light wood, but not very strong and or very good wear resistance.
- Postcure
- An additional elevated temperature exposure that is performed often without tooling or pressure to improve elevated temperature mechanical properties.
- Pot Life
- The length of time a catalyzed thermosetting resin system retains a viscosity low enough for it to be suitable for processing.
- Precipitation Hardening
- Increase the hardness of a supersaturated solid solution by heat treating it to cause a second phase to precipitate out.
- Precure
- The full or partial setting of a resin or adhesive before the clamping operation is complete or before pressure is applied.
- Pressure Bag Moulding
- A moulding technique in which a flexible bag is placed over the contact layup in the mould, sealed, and clamped in place, and pressure applied by compressed air, which forces the bag against the part while the part cures.
- Pultrusion
- A continuous process for manufacturing composites in rods, tubes, and structural shapes having a constant cross-section.
- Resin
- A material, generally a polymer, that has an indefinite and often high molecular weight and a softening or melting range and exhibits a tendency to flow when it is subjected to stress.
- Resin Transfer Moulding
- A moulding process in which catalyzed resin is transferred into an enclosed mould into which the fibre reinforcement has been placed, cure normally is accomplished without external heat.
- Roving
- A collection of bundles of continuous filaments either as untwisted strands or as twisted yarns.
- SAE Steel
- Steel manufactured under the specifications by the Society of Automotive Engineers.
- Sapwood
- Lighter coloured wood on the outside of a log, this wood is more susceptable to rot than heartwood.
- Secant Modulus of Elasticity
- Ratio of stress to strain at any point on curve in a stress-strain diagram.
- Sheet Steel
- Either hot or cold rolled sheets produced on continuous sheet mill.
- Skeletal Density
- The ratio of the mass of discrete pieces of solid material to the sum of the volumes of: the solid material in the pieces and closed or blind pores within the pieces.
- Skeletal Volume
- The sum of the volumes of the solid material and closed (or blind) pores within the pieces.
- Solder Paste
- Mixture of minute spherical solder particles, activators, solvent, and a gelling or suspension agent.
- Solid Solution
- A single solid homogeneous crystalline phase containing two or more chemical species.
- Solidification Shrinkage Crack
- A crack that forms due to internal stresses developed from shrinkage during solidification of a metal casting; also called a hot crack.
- Stainless Steel
- Any steel containing at least 10.5% Cr as the principal alloying element.
- Steel
- An iron-based alloy containing manganese, usually carbon, and other alloying elements.
- Storage Life
- The amount of time a material can be stored and remain suitable for use.
- Structural Adhesive
- An adhesive used for transferring loads between adherends.
- Structural Bond
- A bond joining load-bearing components of an assembly.
- Tangent Modulus of Elasticity
- The instantaneous rate of change of stress as a function of strain.
- Tap Density
- The apparent powder density obtained under stated conditions of tapping.
- Teak
- A strong and durable wood that doesn't shrink much and is comparatively easy to work.
- Thermoplastic
- A polymer that softens or melts on heating, and becomes rigid again on cooling.
- Thermosetting Plastic
- A polymer that solidifies on heating and cannot be remelted.
- Tool Steel
- Any steel used o make tools for cutting, forming, or otherwise shaping a material into a final part.
- Torsional Modulus of Elasticity
- Modulus of elasticity of material subjected to twist loading.
- Tow
- An untwisted bundle of continuous filaments.
- Transition Temperature
- An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range where metal fracture characteristics change rapidly.
- True Density
- The mass of a particle divided by its volume, excluding open pores and closed pores.
- True Volume
- Volume excluding open and closed pores.
- Vacuum Bag Moulding
- A moulding technique in which the part is cured inside a layer of film, from which entrapped air is removed by vacuum.
- Viscoelasticity
- A type of deformation exhibiting the mechanical characteristics of viscous flow and elastic deformation.
- Viseoelastic Material
- A material which can behave as an elastic solid on a short-time scale and as a viscous fluid on a long-time scale.
- Void
- Space between particles or material.
- Walnut
- Cross grained wood used for ornamental work.
- Wet Layup
- The application of resin to dry reinforcement in the mould.
- Wood
- A hard substance which forms the branches and trunks of trees and which can be used as a building material, for making things, or as a fuel.
- Woods Metal
- A fusible bismuth based low melting point alloy. 50 percent bismuth, 25 percent lead, 12.5 percent tin, and 12.5 percent cadmium
- Woven Roving
- A heavy, coarse fabric produced by the weaving of continuous roving bundles.
- Yarn
- Continuously twisted fibres or strands suitable for use in weaving into fabrics.
Subjects: Chemistry Civil Engineering Mechanical Engineering Physics