Home

Calculations
Contacts
Conversions
Help
Links
Subjects

Mathematics Topics

0.017453292519943295: The number of radians in 1 degree.
0.301029995664: log₁₀(2)
0.434294481903: log₁₀(e)
0.477121254720: log₁₀(3)
0.497149872694: log₁₀(π)
0.57721566490: Euler′s constant.
0.693147180560: log_e(2)
0.915965594177219015: Catalans constant.
1.098612288668: log_e(3)
1.414213562: Square root of 2.
1.9021605824: Brun′s constant, the sum of the reciprocals of all twin primes.
2.302585092994: log_e(10)
2.71828: The base of natural (Napierian) logarithms
2D: Having both width and length, but no thickness.
3.14159265: Pi is the number of times the diameter of a circle can be divided into the circumference.
3D: Having length, width, and thickness i.e. space.
57.29577951308232: The number of degrees in 1 radian.
Ab Initio: Latin meaning "from first principles".
Abacus: The uppermost part of a colurnn capital or pilaster, on which the architrave rests. Also, a bead frame used as an arithmetic calculating aid.
Abelian Group: A mathematical group of transformations with the property that the end result of a series of transformations does not depend on the order in which they are performed.
Abscissa: The x coordinate on an (x, y) graph.
Absolute Value: The positive value for a real number, disregarding the sign.
Abundant Number: A positive integer that is smaller than the sum of its proper divisors.
Acute Angle: A positive angle that is less than 90 degrees.
Acute Triangle: A triangle in which all of the angles are less than 90 degrees.
Addition: The operation of finding the sum of two or more quantities.
Addition of Ordinates: A graphing technique where two or more functions are independently plotted on the same graph, then their y-coordinates are added together at each point to form the new graph.
Additive Identity: The additive identity is the number zero, because zero will not change a number when added to it: a + 0 = a for all a.
Additive Inverse: The addition of number and it′s additive inverse is zero. The additive inverse of a number a is -a, also known as the opposite of a, such that a + (-a) = 0. For example, 1 + (-1) = 0.
Adjacent Angles: Two angles are adjacent if they share a common vertex and have a common side between them.
Algebra: First major treatise written by Al-Khawarizmi in AD 810.
Algebraic Equation: An equation of the form f(x)=0 where f is a polynomial.
Algebraic Number: A number that is the root of an algebraic polynomial.
Algorithm: A logical sequence of instructions that explain how to accomplish a task. It must explain exactly how to go from one step to the next and have a finite amount of steps.
Align: To adjust or set to a line or centre.
Alpha: The first letter of the Greek alphabet.
Alphametic: A cryptarithm in which the letters, which represent distinct digits, form related words or meaningful phrases.
Amicable Numbers: Two numbers are said to be amicable if each is equal to the sum of the proper divisors of the other.
Angles: The inclination of one line to another.
Angular Frequency: The frequency of a steady recurring phenomenum in radians per second.
Annulus: The region enclosed by two concentric circles.
Antilogarithm: x=b^y is called the antilogarithm of y to the base b.
Apodize: To apodize is to remove or smooth a sharp discontinuity in a mathematical function, an electrical signal or a mechanical structure.
Arccos: The inverse of cosine. Note that arccos(A)=cos^-1(x).
Arccot: The inverse of cotangent. Note that arccot(A)=cot^-1(x).
Arccsc: The inverse of cosecant. Note that arccsc(A)=csc^-1(x).
Archimedes Constant: More commonly known as Pi.
Arcminute: Defined as 1/60 of a degree.
Arcsec: The inverse of secant. Note that arcsec(A)=sec^-1(x).
Arcsecond: Defined as 1/360 of a degree.
arcsin: The inverse of sine. Note that arcsin(A)=sin^-1(x).
Arctan: The inverse of tangent. Note that arctan(A)=tan^-1(x).
Arithmetic Coding: Arithmetic coding removes this restriction by representing messages as intervals of the real numbers between 0 and 1.
Arithmetic Mean: The arithmetic mean of n numbers is the sum of the numbers divided by n.
Arithmetic Operators: Symbols and signs used in mathematics.
Asn: The inverse of sine. Note that asn(A)=sin^-1(x).
Autospectrum: A spectrum with the coefficients of the components expressed as the square of the magnitudes
Average: A statistic calculated by summing a set of data values and dividing by the number of values.
Average Deviation: The absolute value of the difference from the mean for each data value, summed, then divided by the number of values.
Averaging: In any process it is often necessary to average a number of measurements to gain any confidence in the measured value.
Axiom: A statement assumed to be true without the need for proof.
Axis: The line, real or imaginary, passing through the centre of an object about which it could rotate; a point of reference.
Axis of Symmetry: A line that passes through a graph or figure such that one side of the figure is an exact mirror image of the other.
Ball: A sphere together with its interior.
Bar Chart: A strong graphical representation of data.
Base: Substance which gives off hydroxide ions (OH^-) in solution. In the expression x^y, x is called the base and y is the exponent.
Basis Function: A mathematical function that can be used to build a description of wavefunctions for electrons in atoms or molecules.
Basis Set: A set of mathematical functions that are combined to approximate the wavefunctions for electrons in atoms and molecules.
Bayes Rule: A rule for finding conditional probability.
Behavioural Envelope: Envelope of response versus frequency.
Beta: A letter of the Greek alphabet.
Bimodal: In the home entertainment context, pertaining to presentations involving the visual and auditory sensory modalities.
Binary Coded Decimal: A number system where each decimal digit is separately represented by a 4-bit binary code.
Binary Coded Digit: A digit of any number system that is represented as a fixed number of binary digits
Binary Notation: In order to understand how a number in binary notation is constructed, the decimal notation is first discussed.
Binary Number: A number written to base 2.
Binomial Theorem: This gives the form of the expansion of any positive integral power of a binomial (x+a)ⁿ as a polynomial.
Biquadratic Equation: A polynomial equation of the 4th degree.
Bisect: Bisect means to cut something in half. For example, to bisect an angle, you would draw a line through the vertex of the angle such that the two angles created are equivalent in measure.
Black Box: A unit whose output is a specified function of the input, but for which the method of converting input to output is not necessarily specified.
Blackman-Harris Window: A weighting that is applied in the time domain to reduce leakage within a Fourier Transform analysis. The Blackman-Harris window has much the same performance as the Kaiser-Bessel window, except that it suppreses the sidelobes more than 92dB at a cost of an 11% wider noise bandwidth.
Blind Experiment: The subjects do not know whether they are in the treatment group or the control group.
Bore: The interior diameter of a cylinder.
Boundary Element Method: A mathematical formulation used to predict acoustic parameters such as pressure and power. This technique may be applied to interior and exterior acoustic problems.
Box: A surface made up of rectangles; a rectangular parallelpided.
Briggsian Logarithm: Another name for the Common Logarithm.
Brun′s Constant: The sum of the reciprocals of all twin primes.
Caliban Puzzle: A logic puzzle in which one is asked to infer one or more facts from a set of given facts.
Canonical Form: In a mathematical context this term is taken to mean a generic or basic representation.
Cartesian Coordinates: Coordinates where the position of a point is described by the distance it is from 2 lines in 2 dimensional space or from 3 planes in 3 dimensional space.
Catalans Constant: = 0.915965594177219015
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality: The dot product of two vectors cannot be greater in magnitude than the product of the magnitudes of the vectors.
Ceiling Function: The ceiling function of x is the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.
Centillion: A number equal to 10³⁰³.
Central Angle: Angle whose vertex is placed at the center of a circle.
Central Limit Theorem: A random sample of observations from any distribution with a finite mean and a finite variance, the average will tend to follow a normal distribution for large samples.
Centre: A point or axis around which anything revolves or rotates.
Centroid: The centre of mass of a figure.
Cepstrum: A cepstrum is a time history defined as the power spectrum of the logarithm of the Power spectrum.
Cevian: A line segment extending from a vertex of a triangle to the opposite side.
Chord: A line segment that connects two points of a curve or circle.
Circle: The set of points equidistant from a given point.
Circular Cone: A cone whose base is a circle.
Circumference: The perimeter of a circle.
Closed Interval: An interval that includes it′s endpoints.
Coefficient: A coefficient is a constant multiplicative factor of a certain object.
Colinear: In the same line.
Collinear: Points are said to be collinear if they all lie on the same line.
Combinations: A combination is the set itself without reference to order.
Common Fraction: A fraction whose numerator is an integer of smaller value than its denominator.
Common Logarithm: Logarithm in which the base is 10.
Commutative: Describes an operator that gives the same result irrespective of the order of arguments.
Complement: The complement of a subset of a given set is the collection of all elements of the set that are not elements of the subset.
Complementary Angles: Two angles whose sum is 90°.
Complementary Rules: Rules in Boolean Algebra derived from the combination of a single variable with the inverse of itself.
Complex Conjugate: A complex number whose imaginary part is the negative of that of a given complex number, their real parts being equal.
Complex Numbers: A complex number consists of a real and imaginary part.
Complex Numbers, Exponential Form: Exponential expression of complex numbers.
Complex Numbers, Logarithms of: A complex number expressed in logarithmic form.
Complex Numbers, Polar Form: Complex numbers written in polar form.
Composite Number: A natural number that is not prime.
Concave: Curved from the inside.
Congruent: Equilateral, equal, exactly the same size and shape.
Congruent Figures: Two geometric figures that are identical in size and shape.
Conic Section: The cross section of a right circular cone cut by a plane.
Conjecture: A statement that may seem to be true, but has yet to be proven.
Consecutive Sides: Sides of a polygon that share an endpoint.
Consecutive Vertices: Endpoints of a single side of a polygon.
Consistent Linear System: A system of linear equations is consistent if it has at least one solution.
Constant: A quantity that does not change. This quantity may be a number or a variable.
Contour: The outline of an object.
Contraction: A reduction in size.
Control Chart: A chart used to determine whether the distribution of data values generated by a process is stable over time.
Control Group: The subjects in a controlled experiment who do not receive the treatment.
Convex: The curved surface of a cylinder, as a sphere when viewed from without.
Coordinates: Numbers that specify the position of a point or the position or orientation of a geometric object.
Coplanar: A set of points or lines that are all on a common plane.
Coprime: Integers m and n are coprime if the greatest common divisor of m and n is 1.
Corollary to a Theorem: A corollary is a proposition that follows with little or no proof from one other theorem or definition.
Cos: Trigonometric function.
Cosecant: Trigonometric function.
Cosine: Trigonometric function.
Cot: Trigonometric function.
Cotangent: Trigonometric function.
Coterminal Angles: Two angles that have the same terminal side.
Covariance: A measure of the joint variability of a pair of numeric variables.
Cross Correlation: The cross-correlation function gives a measure of the extent to which two signals correlate with each other as a function of the time displacement between them.
Cross Spectrum: The cross spectrum F_xy(f) of f_x(t) and f_y(t) is the forward Fourier Transform of the cross correlation function R_xy(T). The cross spectrum is in general complex.
Cryptarithm: A number puzzle.
Cryptography: Field of mathematics and computer science concerned with information security and related issues, particularly encryption and authentication.
csc: Abbreviation of the trigonometric function cosecant.
Cube: A solid figure bounded by 6 congruent squares.
Cubic Equation: An equation of the third order.
Cumulative Frequency: The number of observations falling in a given class in a frequency table, plus all observations falling in earlier classes.
Cumulative Probability: The probability that a random variable will be less than or equal to a specified value.
Cumulative Relative Frequency: The number of observations falling in a given class in a frequency table, plus all observations falling in earlier classes, divided by the total number of observations.
Curvature: Departure from flatness of a surface. Defined as the reciprocal of the radius of curvature.
Curve Sketching: When sketching a curve there are a number of general features to look for.
Cyclic Polygon: A polygon whose vertices lie on a circle.
Cylinder: A right angle circular cylinder.
Decagon: A polygon with ten sides.
Decillion: A number equal to 10³³.
Decimal Number: A number written to the base 10.
Deduction: A conclusion derived by reasoning.
Defective Matrix: A matrix A is defective if A has an eigenvalue whose geometric multiplicity is less than its algebraic multiplicity.
Deficient Number: A positive integer that is larger than the sum of its proper divisors.
Degree: A unit describing a plane angle, 1 degree = 1/90 right angle.
Del Operator: The del or grad operation means to take the derivative with respect to distance, in 3 dimensions.
de Moivre: Named after the analyst and probability theorist Abraham de Moivre.
Denominator: The quantity or value on the bottom of a fraction.
Dense Line: The line that contains the shortest path between two points.
Density Function: A mathematical function used to determine probabilities for a continuous random variable.
Dependent Variable: The dependent or response variable is the variable whose behaviour is to be measured as a result of an experiment.
DFT: The Discrete Fourier Transform, the digital version of the fourier transform.
Diagonal Matrix: A diagonal matrix is an n x n matrix with every off diagonal element equal to zero.
Diameter: The longest chord of a figure. In a circle, a diameter is a chord that passes through the centre of the circle.
Differential Equations: Equations that express the rate of change of an equation.
Digit: In the decimal system, one of the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Dihedral Angle: The angle formed by two planes meeting in space.
Diophantine Equation: An equation which is required to be solved by integers.
Dirac Delta Function: The limiting case of a pulse with unit area that is infinitely short and at the same time infinitely high.
Disc: A circle together with its interior.
Discontinuity: A break in sequence or continuity of anything.
Discrete: A type of random variable which may take on only a limited set of values, such as 1,2,3,...,10.
Discrete Fourier Transform: The digital version of the fourier transform.
Distribution: A probability function which describes the relative frequency of occurrence of data values when sampled from a population.
Divergence: The divergence operation is performed on a vector and produces a scalar.
Dividend: A number or quantity that is to be divided by another number or quantity.
Division: The binary operation of finding the quotient of two quantities.
Divisor: A number or quantity that is to be divided into another number or quantity.
Dodecagon: A polygon with 12 sides.
Dodecahedron: A solid figure with 12 faces.
Dot: A description of a point in which the point has a definite size.
Dot Product: The dot product of two vectors is obtained by adding the products of the respective components of the vectors.
Duodecimal Number System: The system of numeration with base 12.
e: Natural base of logarithms e=2.718281...
Egyptian Fraction: A number of the form 1/x where x is an integer is called an Egyptian fraction.
Eigenvalue: Possible values for a parameter of an equation for which the solutions will be compatible with the boundary conditions.
Eigenvector of a Matrix: An eigenvector of a square matrix A is a nonzero vector x such that Ax = cx holds for some scalar c.
Elementary Matrix: A matrix that is obtained by performing an elementary row operation on an identity matrix.
Ellipse: A plane through a right angle cone.
Empty Set: The set with no elements in it.
Enneagon: A nine-sided polygon.
Enumerable Set: A countable set.
Equality: The relationship between two quantities that have the same value or values.
Equidistant: The same distance from something.
Equilateral: Equal in length.
Equilateral Triangle: A triangle with three equal sides.
Equivalent Linear Systems: Two systems of linear equations in n unknowns are equivalent if they have the same set of solutions.
Eratosthenes: Around 230BC developed a method for finding all prime numbers.
Errors: No measurement is exact, they all contain some degree of errors.
Estimate: An indication of the value of an unknown quantity based on observed data.
Estimation: The process by which sample data are used to indicate the value of an unknown quantity in a population.
Estimator: Any quantity calculated from the sample data which is used to give information about an unknown quantity in the population.
Euclid: Greek mathematician.
Euclidean Algorithm: A set of rules which when applied to two integers produces their common divisor.
Eulers Constant: γ = 0.5772156…..
Even Function: A function f(x) is called an even function if f(x)=f(-x) for all x.
Even Number: An integer that is divisible by 2.
Exclusive Or: One or the other, but not both.
Expansion: An increase in size.
Exponent: In the expression a^m, m is the exponent and a is the base. a^m is the mth power of a. If this is set equal to y (y=a^m) then this is called an exponential function.
Exponential Constant: The base of natural (Napierian) logarithms e = 2.718281...
Exponential Form of Complex Numbers: Exponential expression of complex numbers.
Exponential Smoothing: A statistical technique commonly used to forecast time series data or to smooth the values on a control chart.
Factorial: Definition of factorial.
Fast Fourier Transform: An algorithm, or digital calculation routine, that efficiently calculates the discrete Fourier transform from the sampled time waveform.
Fermat Number: The integers F_n=2^2ⁿ+1 are Fermat numbers.
Fermat′s Last Theorem: States that xⁿ+yⁿ=zⁿ has no whole number solutions for n greater than 2.
FFT: An abbreviation of Fast Fourier Transform, an algorithm, or digital calculation routine, that efficiently calculates the discrete Fourier transform from the sampled time waveform.
Fibonacci: His book "Liber Abaci" he introduced Arabic notation for numerals and their algorithms for arithmetic.
Fibonacci Number: A member of the sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5,... where each number is the sum of the previous two numbers.
Figure: A geometric form consisting of any combination of points, lines, or planes.
Four Colour Theorem: It is desired to colour a political map on a plane so that countries sharing a common boundary are coloured differently.
Fourier Analysis: A mathematical analysis of waves, discovered by the French mathematician Fourier (1768-1830).
Fourier Transform: The mathematically rigorous operation which transforms from the time domain to the frequency domain and vice versa.
Fractals: Discovered by Benoit Mandelbrot in 1964.
Fraction: A ratio of two integers, or any number that can be expressed as such a ratio.
Galileo Galilei: Astronomer, mathematician and physicist he dwelt, not on the useless question, why do things happen? but, how do things happen?
Game Theory: A branch of mathematics that seeks to model decision making in conflict situations.
GCF: The Greatest Common Factor of two numbers is the largest number that divides into both numbers evenly, with no remainder. For example, the greatest common factor of 60 and 84 is 12.
Genetic Algorithm: A type of optimization algorithm that uses Darwinian principles to evolve a solution to a mathematical model based on survival of the fittest.
Geodesic: The arc on a surface of shortest length joining two given points.
Geodesy: The study of the shape of the Earth, e.g. its deviations from an exact sphere.
Geometric Mean: A statistic calculated by multiplying n data values together and taking the n-th root of the result.
Geometry: The branch of mathematics that deals with the nature of space and the size, shape, and other properties of figures as well as the transformations that preserve these properties.
Given: Information assumed to be true in a proof.
Golden Mean: The proportion of the division of a line so that the smaller part is to the larger part what the larger part is to the whole. This may be applied to the lengths of the sides of a rectangle.
Googol: A number equal to 10¹⁰⁰.
Googolplex: A number equal to 10^googol. Where a googol is 10¹⁰⁰.
Grad Operator: The del or grad operation means to take the derivative with respect to distance, in 3 dimensions.
Grade of a Slope: The pitch of a slope, and is often expressed as a percent tangent, or rise over run.
Graph Paper: Paper that is printed with fine lines making up a regular grid.
Graph Theory: The mathematics of complicated networks.
Great Circle: A circle on the surface of a sphere whose centre is the centre of the sphere.
Greater Than: An inequality that says the variable on the left is greater than the variable to the right of the inequality.
Greater than or Equal to: An inequality that says the variable on the left is greater than or equal to the variable to the right of the inequality.
Greatest Common Divisor: The greatest common factor of two numbers is the largest number that divides into both numbers evenly, with no remainder.
Greatest Common Factor: The greatest common factor of two numbers is the largest number that divides into both numbers evenly, with no remainder. For example, the greatest common factor of 60 and 84 is 12.
Grid: A tesselation of congruent squares sometimes used to measure distance.
Half: One of two equal parts.
Hankel Matrix: A matrix in which all the elements are the same along any diagonal that slopes from northeast to southwest.
Harmonic Mean: The harmonic mean of two numbers a and b is 2ab/(a + b).
Heaviside Function: Also known as the unit step function.
Heaviside Oliver: An English electrical engineer who introduced Laplace transforms into electrical engineering.
Helix: A path formed as a point advances uniformly around a cylinder, as the thread on a screw or the flutes on a drill.
Hemisphere: Half of a sphere.
Heptadecagon: A 17 sided polygon.
Heptagon: A polygon with 7 sides.
Heronian Triangle: A triangle with integer sides and integer area.
Hexadecagon: A 16 sided polygon.
Hexadecimal: Counting system based on 16.
Hexagon: A polygon with 6 sides.
Hexahedron: A polyhedron having 6 faces.
Hidden Line: Broken line used to signify a line that normally would not be seen in a drawing.
Histogram: A graphical display showing the distribution of data values in a sample by dividing the range of the data into non-overlapping intervals and counting the number of values which fall into each interval.
Homogeneous Equations: A differential equation may be described as homogeneous.
Homogeneous Linear System: A system of linear equations Ax = b is homogeneous if b = 0.
Horizontal Line: A line whose slope is zero.
Huffman Coding: For a given character distribution, by assigning short codes to frequently occurring characters and longer codes to infrequently occurring characters, Huffman's minimum redundancy encoding minimizes the average number of bytes required to represent the characters in a text.
Hyperbola: An open curve with two branches, all points of which have a constant difference in distance from two fixed points called focuses.
Hyperbolic Sine: Hyperbolic sine of x.
Hypotenuse: The longest side of a right triangle.
Hypothesis: A hypothesis is a proposed answer to a problem, or an explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further experimentation and observation. The results of experimentation provide evidence that may or may not support the hypothesis.
Hypothesis Tests: Tests based on a sample of data to determine which of two different states of nature is true.
i: i denotes the imaginary number formed by square rooting negative one.
Icosahedron: A 20 sided solid.
IFF: If and only if.
Imaginary Axis: The y-axis of an Argand diagram.
Imaginary Number: i denotes the imaginary number formed by square rooting negative one.
Imaginary Part: The imaginary part of a complex number.
Improper Fractions: A fraction whose numerator is of greater absolute value than it's denominator.
Included Angle: The angle made by two sides of a polygon.
Included Side: The side between two angles in a polygon.
Inclusive Or: One or the other, or both.
Inconsistent Linear System: A system of linear equations is inconsistent if it has no solutions.
Inequality: A relationship between two expressions that are not equal.
Infinite: Becoming large beyond bound.
Infinitesimal: A variable that approaches zero as a limit.
Inflection: A point of inflection of a plane curve is a point where the curve has a stationary tangent, at which the tangent is changing from rotating in one direction to rotating in the oppostie direction.
Initial Side: The side that the measurement of an angle starts from.
Inner Product: The inner or dot product of two vectors is obtained by adding the products of the respective components of the vectors.
Inscribed Angle: The angle formed by two chords of a curve that meet at the same point on the curve.
Integer: A whole number.
Integration: The inverse of differentiation. Mathematical process used in calculus.
Interior of a Circle: The set of points whose distance from the center of the circle is less than that of the radius.
Intersecting Planes: Planes that share a line.
Inverse of a Matrix: The matrix B is an inverse for the matrix A if AB = BA = I.
Inverse Proportionality: A relationship in which a quantity is related to the reciprocal of a second quantity.
Inverse Square: A relationship in which a quantity is related to the reciprocal of the square of a second quantity.
Invertible Matrix: A matrix is invertible if it has an inverse.
Irrational Number: Any number that cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers.
Isometry: A transformation that keeps the same size and shape of a figure but moves it to a new location.
Isosceles Tetrahedron: A tetrahedron in which each pair of opposite sides have the same length.
Isosceles Triangle: A triangle with two equal sides.
j: j is used in engineering and physics to represent i the imaginary number.
Jordan Matrix: A matrix whose diagonal elements are all equal (and nonzero) and whose elements above the principal diagonal are equal to 1, but all other elements are 0.
Jump Discontinuity: A discontinuity in a function where the left and right-hand limits exist but are not equal to each other.
Kalman Filter: A technique for estimating an unknown state of a linear dynamic system given observations of the system which have additive (Gaussian) noise.
Kite: A quadrilateral which has two pairs of adjacent sides equal.
Knight′s Tour: A knight's tour of a chessboard is a sequence of moves by a knight such that each square of the board is visited exactly once.
Lagrangian Points: In a system of two large bodies (Sun-Earth or Earth-Moon), these are the points where a small third body will keep a fixed position relative to the other two.
Laplace Transform: The Laplace transform is used to convert certain types of inital value problems into algebra problems.
Laplacian: The divergence of a gradient.
Latin Square: An n by n array of numbers in which only n numbers appear. No number appears more than once in any row or column.
Latitude: The angular distance of a point on the Earth from the equator.
Lattice Point: A point with integer coordinates.
Least Common Multiple: The least common multiple of a set of integers is the smallest integer that is an exact multiple of every number in the set.
Least Significant Bit (LSB): The bit within a digital word that represents the smallest possible coded value.
Lemma: A proposition that is useful mainly for the proof of some other theorem.
Lempel-Ziv Welch Compression: Algorithm used by the Unix compress command to reduce the size of files, eg. for archival or transmission.
Leonardo of Pisa: Fibonacci was also known as Leonardo of Pisa.
Leptokurtic: A distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution.
Less Than: An inequality that says the variable on the left is less than the variable to the right of the inequality.
Less than or Equal to: An inequality that says the variable on the left is less than or equal to the variable to the right of the inequality.
Limit: The number you approach as you plug values into a function, and the values get closer and closer to a given number.
Line: Line is one of the basic undefined terms in Euclidian geometry, but one intuitive definition is as follows: A straight set of points that continue on to infinity in both directions. Although a line is of infinite length, it has thickness and width of zero.
Line Segment: A piece of a line which includes two definite endpoints and all points in between them.
Linear Equations: A first order differential equation is linear if it has the form: y′=A(x)B(y)
ln: Abbreviation of Natural Logarithm.
Locus: The set of all points meeting some specified condition.
log: Abbreviation of Logarithm.
Logarithm: The power to which a base must be raised to yield a given number.
Logarithm of Complex Numbers: A complex number expressed in logarithmic form.
Logic: The study of the formal laws of reasoning.
Logistic Equation: A classical starting point for the dynamics of quasiperiodic and chaotic systems.
Lorentz Transformation: A set of equations which are used, in relativity problems, to transform measurements from one frame of reference to another.
Lowest Common Denominator: The smallest number that is exactly divisible by each denominator of a set of fractions.
LSB: Abbreviation of Least Significant Bit, the bit within a digital word that represents the smallest possible coded value.
Lune: The portion of a sphere between two great semicircles having common endpoints, including the semicircles.
Magic Square: A square array of n numbers such that sum of the n numbers in any row, column, or main diagonal is a constant.
Magic Tour: If a chess piece visits each square of a chessboard in succession, this is called a tour of the chessboard.
Magnitude: The size of a vector quantity.
Major Axis: The major axis of an ellipse is it′s longest chord.
Mandelbrot Set: The most famous fractal, named after Benoit Mandelbrot. It is created by iterating an equation many times.
Mathematical Model: A mathematical representation of a process or physical object.
Mathematical Symbols: Common symbols used in mathematics.
Matrix: A rectangular array of elements.
Maxima: The maxima are points where the value of a function is greater than other surrounding points.
Maximum: In a sample of data, the largest observation.
Mean: The sum of all values in the data, divided by the number of values.
Medial Triangle: The triangle whose vertices are the midpoints of the sides of a given triangle.
Median: A statistic which measures the centre of a set of data by finding that value which divides the data in half.
Mersenne Number: A number of the form 2^p-1 where p is a prime.
Mersenne Prime: A Mersenne number that is prime.
Mesokurtic: A distribution that is normal.
Minima: The minima are points where the value of a function is less than other surrounding points.
Minimum: In a sample of data, the smallest observation.
Minor Axis: The minor axis of an ellipse is its smallest chord.
Minuend: A number from which another number is to be subtracted.
Minus: The symbol: -
Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a sequence of numbers.
Modular Number System: A number system represented best by numbers on a circle because the numbers repeat.
Modulus: The absolute value of a quantity, not considering it's sign or direction.
Monic Polynomial: A polynomial in which the coefficient of the term of highest degree is 1.
Monomial: An algebraic expression consisting of just one term.
Monotone: A sequence is monotone if its terms are increasing or decreasing.
Monotonic: Designating sequences, the successive members of which either consistently increase or decrease but do not oscillate in relative value.
Moving Average: The average of the most recent n data values.