Home

Calculations
Contacts
Conversions
Help
Links
Subjects

Chemistry Topics

6.022e23mol^-1: Avogadro′s number
8.314 JK^-1mol^-1: Molar gas constant.
Abegg′s Rule: This states that the difference between the maximum positive and negative valence of an element is frequently eight.
Abel Flashpoint Apparatus: A petroleum-testing apparatus for determining the flash point.
Abram′s Law: A rule that the ratio of water to cement for chemical action to impart strength to concrete is 0.85:1.
Absolute Vacuum: A volume which contains no matter.
Absorbed Dose: The amount of a chemical that enters the body of an exposed organism.
Absorption Band: A dark band in the absorption spectrum of a substance, corresponding to a range of wavelengths for which the substance absorbs more strongly than at adjacent wavelengths.
Absorption Spectroscopy: A technique for determining the concentration and structure of a substance by measuring the amount of electromagnetic radiation the sample absorbs at various wavelengths.
Absorption Spectrum: The collection of wavelengths missing from a continuous distribution of wavelengths.
Abundance Ratio: The ratio of the number of atoms of an isotope to the number of atoms of another isotope of the same element in a sample.
Ac: Actinium is a radioactive element.
Accelerator: A machine used to accelerate particles to high speeds.
Acceptor: An atom which is likely to take on one or more electrons when placed in a crystal.
Acenaphthene: Found in petroleum residues.
Acenaphthylene: A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
Acetaldehyde: Formed by the oxidation of ethanol this is a colourless fruity smelling liquid that with further oxidation forms acetic acid.
Acetamide: Colourless crystalline used industrially as a solvent.
Acetanilide: Also known as Antifebrin this is a white crystalline solid.
Acetic acid: The acid contained in vinegar.
Acetic Anhydride: The anhydride of acetic acid, used in the manufacture of plastics.
Acetone: Also known as Dimethyl Ketone, often used as a solvent.
Acetonitrile: Also known as Methyl Cyanide, a colourless poisonous liquid, used as a solvent and in organic synthesis.
Acetophenone: Colourless sweet smelling liquid, also known as Acetylbenzene and Phenyl Methyl Ketone.
Acetyl Chloride: Also known as Ethanoyl Chloride it is a colourless pungent liquid.
Acetylbenzene: Alternative name for Acetophenone.
Acetylene: Also known as Ethyne it is made by the action of water on calcium carbide.
Acetyl-Salicyclic Acid: CH₃COOC₆H₄COOH
Commonly known as Aspirin, a white solid. Used in medicine as an antipyretic and analgesic.
Acheson Process: The Acheson process is an industrial process for the manufacture of graphite by heating coke mixed with clay.
Acid: Compound that gives off H⁺ ions in solution.
Acid Air: Alternative name for Hydrogen Chloride.
Acid Halide: Compounds containing a carbonyl group bound to a halogen atom.
Acid Rain: Rain that is weakly acidic due to pollution.
Acid-Base Indicator: A weak acid that has acid and base forms with sharply different colours.
Acidic: Describes a solution with a high concentration of H⁺ ions.
Acidic Solution: A solution in which the hydrogen ion activity is higher than that of the hydroxide ion, when the solvent is water.
Acidulant: A substance added to food or beverages to lower pH and to impart a tart, acid taste.
Acoustic Agglomeration: High intensity sound waves are used in a fluid to group suspended particles into larger aggregates.
Acrylic: Synthetic resin made from acrylic acid or a derivative thereof; acrylics possess the property of transparency and offer flame resistance.
Actinic: Pertaining to electromagnetic radiation capable of initiating photochemical reactions.
Actinide: Elements 89-102 are called actinides.
Actinium: A radioactive element.
Activated Charcoal: A porous form of carbon that acts as a powerful adsorbent.
Activated Complex: State of highest energy during a reaction.
Activation Energy: For the forward reaction is the energy required to go from reactants to the transition state.
Active Metal: A metal that is easily oxidized in air.
Active Site: A pocket or crevice on an enzyme molecule that fits reactant molecules like a hand in a glove.
Addition Reaction: A chemical reaction in which two atoms or groups of atoms are added across a double bond.
Adhesive Tape: A tape with a sticky substance on one side.
Adipic Acid: White crystalline solid used in the manufacture of nylon.
Adsorb: To collect molecules of a substance on a surface.
Adsorbent: A substance that collects molecules of another substance on its surface.
Adsorbtion Chromatography: A technique for separating or analyzing mixtures that contain at least one component that is preferentially adsorbed by the stationary phase as it moves over it.
Aeolotropy: Aeolotropy is the antithesis of isotropy.
Aeration: Preparation of a saturated solution of air gases by either spraying the solution in air or by bubbling air through it.
Aero Metal: A metal used in casting made from aluminium, zinc and copper.
Aerobic: Requiring or occurring in the presence of oxygen.
Aerosol: A colloid in which solid particles or liquid droplets are suspended in a gas.
Affinity: Chemical attraction.
Ag: Silver is a pure white metallic element. The best electrical conductor and used in photographic emulsions.
Ag₂S: Chemical formula for Silver Sulphide.
Agar: A gel made from seaweed used to make salt bridges.
AgI: Chemical formula for Silver Iodide.
AgNO₃: Silver Nitrate.
Air: The main constituents of air are Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Neon, Helium along with a number of other trace gases.
Air Set Cement: A cement that sets through loss of water.
Al: Aluminium is the basis for a number of alloys.
Al₂Br₆: Chemical formula for Aluminium Bromide.
Al₂I₆: Chemical formula for Aluminium Iodide.
Al₂O₃: Chemical formula for aluminium oxide.
Al₂O₃2H₂O: Chemical formula for Bauxite.
Al₂S₃: Chemical formula for Aluminium Sulphide.
Alabamine: The name originally proposed for Astatine.
AlCl₃: Chemical formula for Aluminium Chloride.
Alcohol: An alcohol is an organic compound with a carbon bound to a hydroxyl group.
Aldehyde: Prepared by the oxidation of primary alcohols so that the OH group loses its hydrogen to give an oxygen joined by a double bond to a carbon atom.
AlF₃: Chemical formula for Aluminium Fluoride.
AlH₃: Chemical formula for Aluminium Hydride.
Aliphatic: An organic compound that does not contain ring structures.
Aliquot: A sample of precisely determined amount taken from a material.
Alkali: A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution of aqueous hydroxide ions that is capable of turning red litmus blue.
Alkali Metal: A metal in group IA of the periodic table that form strongly alkaline hydroxides.
Alkaline: Having a pH greater than 7.
Alkaline Air: An old name for ammonia gas.
Alkaline Earth: An oxide of an alkaline earth metal, which produces an alkaline solution in reaction with water.
Alkaline Earth Metal: A metal in group IIA of the periodic table.
Alkalinity: A measure of a material's ability to neutralize acids.
Alkaloid: A class of bitter-tasting, basic organic compounds with nitrogen-containing rings.
Alkane: A series of organic compounds with general formula C_nH_2n+2.
Alkene: A compound that consists of only carbon and hydrogen, that contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
Alkoxide: An ionic compound formed by removal of hydrogen ions from the hydroxyl group in an alcohol using reactive metals.
Alkyl: A molecular fragment derived from an alkane by dropping a hydrogen atom from the formula -C_nH_2n+1.
Alkyl Halide: An alkyl group attached to a halogen atom.
Alkyne: A compound that consists of only carbon and hydrogen, that contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
Allo-: A prefix that designates the more stable of a pair of geometric isomers.
Allobar: A form of an element that has isotopic abundances that are different from the naturally occuring form.
Allomer: Substances with different chemical composition but the same crystalline form.
Allosteric Effect: A change in the behaviour of one part of a molecule caused by a change in another part of the molecule.
Allotriomorphic Crystal: A crystal having a normal lattice structure, but with an imperfect outward shape due to the influence of its surroundings.
Allotropy: The reversible phenomenon by which certain metals may exist in more than one crystal structure.
Alloy: A metal produced by mixing other metals.
Allyl Alcohol: Used in the manufacture of resins and many pharmaceuticals this is a colourless pungent liquid.
Almond Artificial Essential Oil: Alternative name for Benzaldehyde.
AlN: Chemical formula for Aluminium Nitride.
Alternating Copolymer: A polymer, composed of two different repeating mers, in which the different mer units systematically alternate positions along the molecular chain.
Alumel: Trade name for an alloy of nickel with up to 5% aluminium, manganese and silicon, used with chromel in K-type thermocouples.
Aluminium: Basis for a number of alloys.
Aluminium Bromide: Al₂Br₆
White or very pale yellow crystalline solid.
Aluminium Bronze: A copper-aluminum alloy with high tensile strength and resistance to corrosion.
Aluminium Chloride: A chloride used as a wood preservative or catalyst.
Aluminium Fluoride: AlF₃
White crystalline solid.
Aluminium Hexabromide: Alternative name for Aluminium Bromide.
Aluminium Hexachloride: Alternative name for Aluminium Chloride.
Aluminium Hexaiodide: Alternative name for Aluminium Iodide.
Aluminium Hydride: AlH₃
White crystalline solid.
Aluminium Hydroxide: White crystalline compound that occurs naturally as the mineral gibbsite.
Aluminium Iodide: Al₂I₆
White solid.
Aluminium Nitride: AlN
Bluish white crystalline solid.
Aluminium Oxide: Al₂O₃
Alminium oxide is the most widely used oxide ceramic, either in pure form or as raw material to be mixed with other oxides.
Aluminium Sulphide: Al₂S₃
Yellow or yellow grey powder.
Aluminium Tribromide: Alternative name for Aluminium Bromide.
Aluminium Trichloride: Alternative name for Aluminium Chloride.
Aluminium Triiodide: Alternative name for Aluminium Iodide.
Am: A radioactive element.
Amagat: The unit of density of a gas at stp equal to 44.614774 molm^-3.
Amalgam: An alloy that contains mercury.
Americium: A radioactive element. Alpha particle emitter with a half life of 475 years.
Amide: The most stable of all the carbonyl functional groups.
Amine: A class of organic compounds in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia have been replaced by other groups of atom.
Aminic Acid: Another name for Methanoic Acid.
Amino Acid: Amino acids are molecules that contain at least one amine group (-NH₂) and at least one carboxylic acid group (-COOH).
Aminoacetic Acid: A naturally occurring aliphatic amino acid, also known as glycine.
Aminobenzene: Alternative name for Aniline.
Ammine: A metal ion complex containing ammonia as a ligand.
Ammonia: Obtained from nitrogen using the Haber process and used in the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives.
Ammonium Carbonate: (NH₄)₂CO₃
Ammonium Chloride: NH₄Cl
A clear white water-soluble crystalline salt with a biting, slightly sour taste.
Ammonium Fluoride: NH₄F
Crystallizes as small prisms, having a sharp saline taste, and is exceedingly soluble in water.
Ammonium Hydrogenphosphate: (NH₄)₂HPO₄
Used as a nutrient for the yeast in brewing.
Ammonium Hydroxide: A solution of ammonia in water.
Ammonium Iodide: NH₄I
Used in photographic chemicals and some medications.
Ammonium Nitrate: NH₄NO
The most known chemical property of ammonium nitrate is its combustability. This also makes it a very dangerous compound to work with.
Ammonium Sulphate: (NH₄)₂SO₄
Fine granulated, off white or brown crystals. There may be a slight ammonia like odour. Sulphate of ammonia is a chemical fertilizer.
Amorphography: The branch of science concerned with the determination of amorphous solid structures and their systemmatic classification.
Amorphous: Non-crystalline, without long-range order.
Amount of Substance: The SI unit of the Amount of Substance is the mole.
Amperometry: Determining the concentration of a material in a sample by measuring electric current.
Amphi-: A prefix used to name certain members of a series of geometric isomers or stereoisomers.
Amphiprotic Solvent: Solvents that exhibit both acidic and basic properties.
AMU: Defined as one twelfth of the mass of the most abundant isotope of carbon (¹²C)
Anaerobic: Occurring in the absence of air or oxygen.
Analyte: The sample constituent whose concentration is sought in a chemical analysis.
Angstrom: It is an old unit used for measuring the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation including visible light and X-rays.
Anhydrous: A compound with all water removed, especially water of hydration.
Aniline: Also known as Phenylamine or aminobenzene.
Anion: Ions with a negative charge.
Anisole: Also known as Methyl Phenyl Ether, an aromatic smell and used in perfumes.
Anode: The electrode where electrons are lost (oxidized) in redox reactions.
Anodic Protection: A technique to reduce the corrosion rate of a metal by polarizing it into its passive region, where dissolution rates are low.
Anodic Reaction: Electrode reaction equivalent to a transfer of positive charge from the electronic to the ionic conductor; an anodic reaction is an oxidation process.
Anodize: To coat a metal with a protective film by electrolysis.
Anthocyanin: A family of pigments that give flowers, fruits, and leaves of some plants their red or blue colouring.
Anthracene: White crystalline with a blue fluorescence used in the manufacture of dyes.
Anthracite: Type of coal with highest carbon content (86% to 98%) and thus highest heat value .
Anthraquinone: Yellow powder derived from Anthracene and used as a dye.
Antichlor: A chemical compound that reacts with chlorine-based bleaches to stop the bleaching.
Antifebrin: Alternative name for Acetanilide.
Antimony: Elemental antimony is generally found in one of two allotropes and has both metallic and non-metallic properties.
Antimony Hydride: SbH₃
Poisonous gas. Also known as Stibine.
Antipyretic: A substance that can lessen or prevent fever.
Aprotic Solvent: A solvent that does not act as an acid or as a base.
Aqua Fortis: Ancient name for Nitric Acid, a colourless, corrosive, acid liquid that attacks most metals and other substances.
Aqua Regia: A mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids used to dissolve gold.
Aqueous Solution: A solution in which water is the dissolving medium or solvent.
Ar: An inert gas that makes up about 1% of the atmosphere.
Arene: A hydrocarbon that contains at least one aromatic ring.
Argentite: Naturally occuring Silver Sulphide. An important ore of silver.
Argentum: Latin for silver, hence the symbol Ag.
Argon: An inert gas that makes up about 1% of the atmosphere.
Aromatic Compound: A compound containing an aromatic ring.
Aromatic Ring: An exceptionally stable planar ring of atoms with resonance structures that consist of alternating double and single bonds, e. g. benzene.
Arsenic: A brittle, crystalline solid which tarnishes readily in air and burns in oxygen.
Arsenic III Oxide: As₂O₃
White crystalline solid, used as an opacifier in glazes.
Arsenic V Oxide: As₂O₅
White solid.
Arsenical Bronze: An alloy of copper and arsenic in addition to other metals.
Arsenical Copper: An alloy of copper and arsenic in addition to other metals.
Arsine: Old name for Hydrogen Arsenide.
Aryl: A molecular fragment or group attached to a molecule by an atom that is on an aromatic ring.
As: A brittle, crystalline solid which tarnishes readily in air and burns in oxygen.
As₂O₃: Chemical formula for Arsenic III Oxide.
As₂O₅: Chemical formula for Arsenic V Oxide.
Asbestos: This description covers a number of fibrous silicate minerals such as calcium magnesium silicate.
AsH₃: Chemical formula for Hydrogen Arsenide.
Aspartic Acid: A nonessential amino acid that is abundant in molasses.
Aspirin: Common name for Acetyl-Salicyclic Acid.
Assay: A quantitative determination of the metal in an ore or alloy.
Astatine: The heaviest halogen and radioactive.
At: Astatine is heaviest halogen and radioactive.
Atactic: A type of polymer chain configuration wherein side groups are randomly positioned on one side of the polymer backbone or the other.
atm: An abbreviation of atmosphere.
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can exist and still retain the ordinary chemical properties of that element.
Atom Percent: Concentration specification on the basis of the number of moles or atoms of a particular element relative to the total number of moles or atoms of all elements within an alloy.
Atomic Number: The atomic number (Z) of an element is the number of protons each atom of that element has in its nucleus.
Atomic Orbital: A wavefunction that describes the behavior of an electron in an atom.
Atomic Packing Factor: The fraction of the volume of a unit cell that is occupied by ′hard sphere′ atoms or ions.
Atomic weight: The weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring element.
Au: Gold is a soft metal with a characteristic yellow colour. It is the most malleable and ductile of any element. It is unaffected by air, water, alkalis and acids.
Aufbau Principle: An approximate procedure for writing the ground state electronic configuration of atoms.
Auricupride: Cu₃Au
A natural alloy of copper and gold.
Aurum: Latin for gold, hence the symbol Au.
Austenite: Face-centered cubic iron; also iron and steel alloys that have the FCC crystal structure.
Autoclave: An airtight vessel constructed of thick-walled steel alloy for carrying out chemical reactions under pressure and high temperatures. Auto-claves are used for the industrial processing of composite materials.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: Minimum temperature at which the vapour/air mixture over a liquid spontaneously catches fire.
Autoxidation: Oxidation caused by exposure to air.
Auxochrome: A group or substructure in a molecule that influences the intensity of absorption of the molecule.
Avalanche: A cumulative ionization process.
Avogadros Number: N = 6.022045x10²³ mol^-1
Azeotrope: A solution that does not change composition when distilled.
Azobenzene: Red insoluble crystalline powder.
B: Boron is a non-metallic element which occurs in several allotropes.
B100 Biodiesel: 100% biodiesel.
B20 Biodiesel: A blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel where 20% of the volume is biodiesel.
Ba: Elemental barium does not occur naturally although it has an abundance within the earth’s crust of 500 ppm.
Babbitt: A soft antifriction metal used to line bearings.
Back Titration: Determining the concentration of an analyte by reacting it with a known number of moles of excess reagent.
Baekeland, Leo Hendrik: Belgian-born American chemist who invented Velox photographic paper and Bakelite.
Bakelite: The first industrial thermoset plastic.
Bakers Salt: Old name for Ammonium Carbonate.
Balmer Series: A series of lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen that involve transitions to the n=2 state from states with n>2.
Bamboo: A natural material with a great strength to weight ratio. It was used in the early construction of aircraft wings and fuselages.
Barite: Most commonly found mineral of Barium Sulphate.
Barium: Elemental barium does not occur naturally although it has an abundance within the earth’s crust of 500 ppm.
Barium Dioxide: A white toxic powder obtained by heating barium oxide in air.
Barium Monoxide: An oxide of barium; a whitish toxic powder.
Barium Oxide: An oxide of barium; a whitish toxic powder.
Barium Peroxide: A white toxic powder obtained by heating barium oxide in air.
Barium Protoxide: An oxide of barium; a whitish toxic powder.
Barium Sulphate: BaSO₄
A white insoluble solid used as a pigment and filler in plastics. Most commonly found as the mineral Barite.
Barium White: An ancient name for Barium Sulphate.
Baryta: Any of several compounds of barium.
Base: Substance which gives off hydroxide ions (OH^-) in solution. In the expression x^y, x is called the base and y is the exponent.
BaSO₄: Chemical formula for Barium Sulphate.
Bath Metal: A cheap bronze made with 21 parts copper and 5 parts zinc. The same as pinchbeck.
Bauxite: An ore of aluminum consisting of moderately pure hydrated alumina.
Bay Salt: Alternative name for Sodium Chloride.
bcc: Abbreviation of body centred cubic. About 15% of all the elements crystallize into this structure.
Be: Beryllium is a light and lustrous metal that is resistant to attack by air or water, even at elevated temperatures
Be₃N₂: Chemical formula of Beryllium Nitride.
BeBr₂: Chemical formula of Beryllium Bromide.
BeCl₂: Chemical formula of Beryllium Chloride.
BeF₂: Chemical formula of Beryllium Fluoride.
BeI₂: Chemical formula of Beryllium Iodide.
Bell Metal: Copper tin alloy with much higher tin content than conventional bronze in order to make it hard and sonorous. It is too brittle to be used for many other applications.
Benzaldehyde: C₆H₅CHO
A colourless to yellow liquid with an almon like odour. Also known as Benzoic Aldehyde, Almond Artificial Essential Oil, Benzenecarbonal, Benzene Carboxaldehyde and Oil of Bitter Almond.
Benzene: An aromatic hydrocarbon used in the manufacture of many organic compounds.
Benzene Carboxaldehyde: Alternative name for Benzaldehyde.
Benzenecarbonal: Alternative name for Benzaldehyde.
Benzoic Acid: C₆H₅.COOH
Used as a fruit preservative. At room temperature it is a colourless solid forming glistening needles and plates, sublimes easily and is volatile in steam.
Benzoic Aldehyde: Alternative name for Benzaldehyde.
BeO: Chemical formula of Beryllium Oxide.
Berkelium: Element with an atomic number of 97.
Beryllia: Alternative name for Beryllium Oxide.
Beryllia Ceramic: Alternative name for Beryllium Oxide.
Beryllium: Beryllium is a light and lustrous metal that is resistant to attack by air or water, even at elevated temperatures
Beryllium Bromide: BeBr₂
Hygroscopic and dissolves readily in water.
Beryllium Chloride: BeCl₂
White crystalline substance that reacts vigorously and exothermically with water with the evolution of acidic, steamy hydrogen chloride gas. It attacks many metals in presence of water.
Beryllium Copper: Heat treatable copper-beryllium alloy of high strength and hardness. Used for making springs and non-sparking tools.
Beryllium Fluoride: BeF₂
A crystalline solid, the principal precursor for the manufacture of beryllium metal.
Beryllium Hydroxide: Be(OH)₂
A white solid. One of only a few amphoteric metal hydroxides.
Beryllium Iodide: BeI₂
Colourless needle-like crystals that are very hygroscopic and reacts violently with water, forming hydroiodic acid.
Beryllium Nitride: Be₃N₂
A common component of refractory ceramics.
Beryllium Oxide: BeO
White crystalline oxide that when sintered is very stable and has ceramic characteristics.
Beryllium Telluride: BeTe
A crystalline solid that is a semiconductor with a large energy gap of around 3 eV.
BeTe: Chemical formula of Beryllium Telluride.
Bi: Bismuth is a brittle metal which is silvery in colour with a pink tinge.
Bifunctional Monomer: A monomer unit that has two active bonding positions.
Billon: An alloy of copper and silver with more than 50% copper.
Bimolecular Step: Two species are reacting and form the transition state.
Binary Compound: A compound that contains two different elements.
Biochemistry: The chemistry of living things, including the structure and function of biological molecules and the mechanism and products of their reactions.
Biodiesel: Diesel fuel derived from renewable lipid feedstocks, such as vegetable oils and animal fats.
Biodiesel B100: 100% (neat) biodiesel. The mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable lipid feedstocks, such as vegetable oils and animal fats, diesel engines
Biodiesel B20: A blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel where 20% of the volume is biodiesel.
Biosensor: Either a sensor to detect a biological substance or a sensor which incorporates the use of biological molecules such as antibodies or enzymes.
Biotin: Commonly known as vitamin H.
Bismuth: Bismuth is a brittle metal which is silvery in colour with a pink tinge.
Bismuth Chloride: BiCl₃
A water soluble crystalline source of bismuth.
Bismuth Germanate: Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂
Used in detectors in particle physics and nuclear medicine.
Bismuth Subcarbonate: Bi₂O₂(CO₃)
Chemical compound of bismuth containing both oxide and carbonate.
Bismuth Subgallate: C₇H₅BiO₆
Used in medicine as an internal deodorant.
Bittern: Waste solution of magnesium salts and bromides from the preparation of salt from sea-water by evaporation.
Bitumen: A name used to describe many different mixtures of hydrocarbons.
Bk: Berkelium is an element with an atomic number of 97.
Black, Joseph: Scottish chemist who laid the foundations for thermodynamics.
Black Lead: Natural crystalline form of carbon, used to make vessels that resist high temperatures and in making pencils.
Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart: English chemist who developed the cloud chamber.
Blast Furnace: A vertical shaft type furnace used for reducing iron ore to pig iron when cast or hot metal for further melting. This product is used in an open hearth or basic oxygen furnaces for production of steel.
Bleach: A dilute solution of sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite which kills bacteria and destroys coloured organic materials by oxidizing them.
Block Copolymer: A linear copolymer in which identical mer units are clustered in blocks along the molecular chain.
Blue Vitriol: An old fashioned name for hydrated copper sulphate.
Body Centred Cubic: About 15% of elements crystallize with a body centred cubic structure.
Boiling Point: The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure on the liquid.
Boiling Point Elevation: The boiling point of a solution is higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent.
Bond Energy: The energy required to break a given chemical bond.
Bond Enthalpy: Enthalpy change per mole when a bond is broken in the gas phase for a particular substance.
Bond Length: The average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms in a stable molecule.
Bond Order: In Lewis structures, the number of electron pairs shared by two atoms.
Bond Strength: Some measure of how difficult it is to break a chemical bond, for example, a bond energy or a bond enthalpy.
Bonding Energy: The energy required to separate two atoms that are chemically bonded to each other.
Bone: Primarily based on phosphate and carbonate.
Bone Black: An impure animal charcoal prepared from bones and blood.
Boron: Boron is a non-metallic element which occurs in several allotropes.
Boyle, Robert: Known for that scientific law named after him.
bp: Abbreviation of boiling point, the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure on the liquid.
Bq: An abbreviation of Becquerel. One Becquerel is that quantity of a radioactive material that will have 1 transformations in one second.
Br: Bromine is an element in the halogen group.
Bragg′s Law: A relationship that stipulates the condition for diffraction by a set of crystallographic planes.
Branched Polymer: A polymer having a molecular structure of secondary chains that extend from the primary chains.
Brimstone: Ancient name for Sulphur.
Brominated Flame Retardants: A group of chemicals used in plastics and textiles to give flame retardant properties.
Bromine: An element in the halogen group.
Bromoethane: C₂H₅Br
A colourless volatile liquid that has an ether-like odour.
Bromomethane: CH₃Br
A colorless, nonflammable gas with no distinctive smell.
Brösted Acid: A material that gives up hydrogen ions in a chemical reaction.
Brösted Base: A material that accepts hydrogen ions in a chemical reaction.
Buckminsterfullerene: C60
A form of carbon consisting of 60 carbon atoms bound together to make a roughly spherical "buckyball".
Buckyball: A form of carbon consisting of 60 carbon atoms bound together to make a roughly spherical buckyball.
Buffer Solutions: Solutions that resist changes in their pH, even when small amounts of acid or base are added.
Bunsen Burner: A gas burner with adjustable air intake, commonly used in laboratories.
Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm: Introduced the bunsen burner.
Buret: A cylindrical glass tube closed by a stopcock on one end and open on the other, with volume gradations marked on the barrel of the tube, used to precisely dispense a measured amount of a liquid.
Burette: A cylindrical glass tube closed by a stopcock on one end and open on the other, with volume gradations marked on the barrel of the tube, used to precisely dispense a measured amount of a liquid.
Burgess Vector: A vector that denotes the magnitude and direction of lattice distortion associated with a dislocation.
Butane: C₄H₁₀
An alkane hydrocarbon. Commonly used in compressed form for portable heaters and cookers.
Butanol: An alcohol containing four carbon atoms.
Butter of Zinc: An old name for Zinc Chloride.
Butyl Alcohol: Alternative name for Butanol.
C: Carbon occurs naturally in two allotropic forms, namely graphite and diamond.
C₁₂H₁₀N₂: Chemical formula for Azobenzene.
C₁₄H₁₀: Chemical formula for Anthracene.
C₁₄H₈O: Chemical formula for Anthraquinone.
C₁₆H₃₂: Chemical formula for Cetene.
C₂H₂: Chemical formula for Acetylene.
C₂H₃N: Chemical formula for Acetonitrile.
C₂H₃OCl: Chemical formula for Acetyl Chloride.
C₂H₄O: Chemical formula for Acetaldehyde.
C₂H₅Br: Chemical formula for Bromoethane.
C₂H₅Cl: Chemical formula for Chloroethane.
C₂H₅OH: Chemical formula for ethanol.
C₂H₅ON: Chemical formula for Acetamide.
C₂H₆: Chemical formula for Ethane.
C₂HCl₃: Chemical formula for Trichlorethene.
C₂N₂: Chemical formula for Cyanogen.
C₃H₆: Chemical formula for Propene.
C₃H₆O: Chemical formula for acetone.
C₃H₆O₂: Chemical formula for Methyl Acetate.
C₃H₇OH: Chemical formula for Propanol.
C₃H₈: Chemical formula for Propane.
C₃H₈O₃: Chemical formula for Glycerol.
C₄H₁₀: Chemical formula for butane.
C₄H₁₂N₂: Chemical formula for Putrescine.
C₄H₆O₃: Chemical formula for Acetic Anhydride.
C₄H₆O₅: Another name for Hydroxybutanedioic Acid.
C₄H₉OH: Chemical formula for Butanol.
C₅H₁₁OH: Chemical formula for Pentanol.
C₅H₁₂: Chemical formula for pentane.
C60: Buckminsterfullerene formed from 60 carbon atoms.
C₆H₁₀O₄: Chemical formula for Adipic Acid.
C₆H₅CHO: Chemical formula for Benzaldehyde.
C₆H₅ COOH: Chemical formula for Benzoic Acid.
C₆H₅NO₂: Chemical formula for nitrobenzene.
C₆H₅OH: Chemical formula for Phenol.
C₆H₆: Chemical formula for benzene, an aromatic hydrocarbon used in the manufacture of many organic compounds.
C₆H₆O: The chemical formula for phenol, a strong disinfectant.
C₆H₇N: Chemical formula for Aniline.
C₇H₁₆: Chemical formula for heptane.
C₇H₈: Chemical formula for toluene.
C₇H₈O: Chemical formula for Anisole.
C₈H₁₀N₄O₂: A substance found in tea, coffee, and cola that acts as a stimulant.
C₈H₁₈: Flammable liquid compounds found in petroleum and natural gas.