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Battery A group of voltaic cells connected in series. | Bichromate | 2 volts | | Dry cell | 1.5 volts | | Bunsen | 1.9 volts | | Nickel Cadmium | 1.3 volts | | Daniell | 1.08 volts | | Nickel Iron | 1.4 volts | | Grove | 1.8 volts | | Zinc-silver oxide | 1.8 volts | | Leclanche | 1.46 volts | | Clark cell | 1.4333 volts (absolute) | | Weston cell | 1.0186 volts (absolute) | | | | Note: Weston and Clark cells are standard cells used as references, all others are approximate EMF's.
The main parameters considered when selecting batteries: - ampere-hour capacity
- cost
- depth of discharge
- lifetime
- rechargeability
- ruggedness
- temperature environments
- weight
State of Charge The charge state of a battery is often simplistically estimated from voltage. However, this can give errors as the voltage will change depending on the current demand, prior use, age, temperature etc. More sophisticated battery state monitors use temperature, impedance and history of use. Historical Notes - 1800 Alessandro Volta develops the electric battery.
- 1839 Fuel Cell invented by William Grove.
- 1932 First successful fuel cell produced by Francis Bacon.
See also: Accumulator, Clark Cell, Concentration Cell, Electrochemistry, Energy Density, Fuel Cell, Galvanic Cell, Lead Acid Battery, Leclanché Cell, Lithium Ion Battery, Lithium Polymer Battery, Nickel Cadmium Battery, Nickel Metal Hydride Battery, Open Circuit Voltage, Power Density, Primary Cell, Rechargeable Battery, Secondary Cell, Self Discharge, Voltaic Pile, Weston Cell.
  
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